CDI is an offshoot of the better known electrochemical oxidation, wherein an electric potential is used to produce short lived Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS, namely This is where Capacitive Deionization (CDI) becomes interesting, as it has been demonstrated to desalinate and disinfect water ( Laxman et al., 2015a). It is evident that a single step process and its associated technology which can provide both desalination and disinfection would be a step forward in the water purification sector. Please note that most of the new methods are good primary disinfectants which kill/disable the microbes instantly upon contact, but not for residual disinfection, which demands persistence of the disinfection process over time. However it is fast being replaced with new technologies like photocatalysis, UV light treatment, ultrasonication, magnetic enhanced disinfection, and electrochemical methods ( Baruah et al., 2012 Bora et al., 2017 Cheema et al., 2018 Cho et al., 2019 Jiang et al., 2019 Wang C. Among them, chlorination is the most widely used technique providing both primary and residual disinfection, albeit with certain disadvantages ( Kimbrough and Suffet, 2002 Hua and Reckhow, 2007 Richardson and Postigo, 2012 Al-Abri et al., 2019 StefГЎn et al., 2019 Zhong et al., 2019). Technologies for water disinfection have constantly evolved with time, from simple sedimentation processes to chemical treatments and advanced oxidation techniques including chlorination and ozonation ( von Gunten, 2003 Richardson and Postigo, 2012 Ding et al., 2019).

Managing the biological matter is a pre-requisite to reduce the membrane biofouling propensity of the water and subsequent propagation of water-based infections ( Al-Abri et al., 2019 Wang Y. Typically, RO membranes are used to reduce the ionic content of water and work in conjunction with other techniques which reduce the organics and microbial content (disinfection) of the water prior to it being passed through the RO membrane. Membrane based processes like reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration are widely accepted in the drinking water market and it is not uncommon for these systems to de-couple the desalination and disinfection functions ( Wang Y. While desalination is primarily known for production of potable water from seawater, the declining fresh-water quality globally has increased its utilization in a wide array of applications, including that of municipal and groundwater desalination for producing drinking water. Desalination refers to the reduction of salt content in water, while disinfection relates to neutralization of microbial species in water ( World Health Organization, 2011). The results indicate that CDI could be a viable option for single step deionization and microbial disinfection of brackish water.Дesalination and disinfection are the two most important aspects related to the production of clean water in several regions of the world. The power consumption and salt removal capacity in the presence and absence of salt were mapped and shown to be as low as 0.1 kWh m в€’3 and 9.5 mg g в€’1, respectively. Mortality of the microbial cells were also observed during the CDI cell regeneration and correlated with the chloride ion concentrations.

Up to 75 % of microbial cells could be removed in a single pass through the CDI unit for both synthetic and groundwater, while maintaining the salt removal activity. In this study, activated carbon cloth (ACC) electrode based CDI devices are used to study the removal of ionic contaminants in water and the effect of ion concentrations on the electrosorption and disinfection functions of the CDI device for mixed microbial communities in groundwater and a model bacterial strain Escherichia coli. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an upcoming technique for water deionization and has shown substantial promise for large scale commercialization. 5Center of Excellence in Marine Biotechnology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, OmanД¬lean water is one of the primary UN sustainable development goals for 2,030 and sustainable water deionization and disinfection is the backbone of that goal.

4Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.

3Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.

2Nanotechnology Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.

1Functional Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.

Karthik Laxman 1, Priyanka Sathe 2,3, Mohammed Al Abri 2,4, Sergey Dobretsov 3,5 and Joydeep Dutta 1 *

Oxygen not included disinfect water